Introduction to Heat Pumps
Heat pumps—also known as PACs (pompes à chaleur)—are energy-efficient heating and cooling systems that use natural resources—air, water, or ground—as their energy source. Known for their thermal efficiency and low carbon footprint, they offer a sustainable alternative to traditional systems while reducing energy costs.
What is a heat pump?
A heat pump transfers heat from one environment to another using a compressor and refrigerant. This transfer can occur from outside air to inside (in winter) or from inside to outside (in summer), allowing for efficient heating or cooling of a space.
How it works
Whether powered by air, ground, or water, a heat pump captures naturally available energy and redistributes it through a ventilation or central heating system. The system’s reversible function also allows it to cool indoor spaces in summer.
Geothermal Heat Pump
How it works
A geothermal heat pump extracts heat stored in the ground through either a horizontal (shallow) or vertical (deep borehole) capture system. The heat is transferred indoors via a heat transfer fluid—even during harsh winter conditions.
Horizontal vs. vertical capture
- Horizontal: Requires a large area but is cheaper to install
- Vertical: More expensive but suitable for smaller lots; involves deep drilling (up to 100 meters)
Pros and cons
Geothermal systems are the most efficient and stable year-round. However, installation is complex and costly. A soil analysis is necessary before beginning work.
Installation conditions
A sufficiently large lot, strong insulation, and an existing central heating system are highly recommended to maximize efficiency.
Financial assistance
These systems may qualify for various subsidies (see Daikin Quebec – Subventions) to offset initial investment costs.
Air-to-Air Heat Pump
How it works
This system draws heat from outside air and distributes it indoors via wall-mounted fans. In summer, it works in reverse to cool indoor air.
Installation and use
Simple to install, air-to-air systems don’t require central heating. They’re ideal for homes without pre-existing radiators.
Advantages and limitations
They are more affordable to purchase and install but do not produce domestic hot water. Their performance can drop in extremely cold weather.
Effective for cooling?
Yes—thanks to the reversible function, air-to-air systems are especially efficient as air conditioners.
Costs and funding
The most affordable option to install, though less likely to qualify for major subsidies. A cost-benefit analysis is still important.
Air-to-Water Heat Pump
How it works
This system extracts heat from outside air and transfers it into a water circuit, which can then be used for domestic hot water and/or heating (e.g., underfloor systems, radiators).
Compatibility
Best suited for homes with existing central water heating. It integrates easily and supports a greener transition.
Can it cool the home?
Yes—in some cases (e.g., reversible radiant floors)—but it’s generally less effective at direct cooling than an air-to-air system.
Costs and subsidies
Installation cost falls between air-to-air and geothermal systems. Eligible for grants (see Daikin – Subventions) to help offset upfront investment.
Model Comparison
Performance and Efficiency (Average COP)
| Heat Pump Type | Average COP (Heating) |
| Geothermal | 4.0 to 5.0 |
| Air-to-Water | 3.0 to 3.5 |
| Air-to-Air | 2.5 to 3.2 |
Estimated Installation Costs *
| Type | Estimated Cost |
| Geothermal | $20,000 to $40,000 |
| Air-to-Water | $15,000 to $50,000 |
| Air-to-Air | $5,000 to $12,000 |
* The costs provided are general estimates and may vary depending on the specific model, installation complexity, characteristics of your home, and local labor rates. It is advisable to request a personalized quote for an accurate assessment.
Which Heat Pump Should You Choose?
The ideal heat pump depends on several factors: your budget, available space, existing heating system, and energy goals.
- For homes without central heating, an air-to-air system is a great entry point.
- If replacing a boiler, air-to-water is an excellent option.
- Geothermal systems provide the highest long-term efficiency—especially when factoring in subsidies.
Conclusion
Heat pumps are energy-efficient solutions designed to meet modern needs for comfort and performance. By selecting a model that suits your situation, you can significantly lower energy costs and reduce your ecological footprint. Consult a professional for a tailored assessment of your home’s needs.
